Blog

Learn how stars make energy, from nuclear fusion in stellar cores to the physics that determines a star’s brightness, lifespan, and evolution.

Discover how moving tectonic plates build mountains, trigger earthquakes, create oceans, and drive Earth’s changing surface.

Learn why some planets become rocky while others grow into gas or ice giants, and how distance, temperature, and building materials shape worlds.

Explore how planetary atmospheres shield worlds from radiation, impacts, temperature extremes, and atmospheric loss.

Learn how stars change over time, from birth in stellar nurseries to their final stages as white dwarfs, neutron stars, or black holes.

Explore why gas giants grew so massive, from early disk physics and core accretion to atmospheric capture and migration.

Learn what a hot Jupiter is, how these giant exoplanets form, and why they challenge planet formation theories.

Explore the leading theories behind Uranus’s extreme axial tilt, from giant impacts to early solar system dynamics.

Learn how binary stars work, why they dominate stellar astronomy, and what they reveal about mass, evolution, and exoplanets.

Explore how solar distance shapes planetary temperature, orbits, atmospheres, and long-term habitability across the solar system.